Contents
- New in QGIS 2.8.1-1: This is the change log for the next release of QGIS - version 2.8 ‘ Wien’. Wien is German for ‘Vienna’ - host city to our developer meet up in November 2009 and again in March 2014.
- Nov 13, 2014.
- Installing QGIS
- Starting Your GIS Project
Jul 01, 2020. Download the QGIS installer from the QGIS download page link given above. QGIS 2.0.1 Standalone Installer - QGIS-OSGeo4W-2.0.1-3-Setup-x8664.exe; 2. Double-click the downloaded installer file. Accept the License Agreement by clicking I Agree.
Lesson Goals
In this lesson you will install QGIS software, download geospatial fileslike shapefiles and GeoTIFFs, and create a map out of a number of vectorand raster layers. Quantum or QGIS is an open source alternative to theindustry leader, ArcGIS from ESRI. QGIS is multiplatform, which means itruns on Windows, Macs, and Linux and it has many of the functions mostcommonly used by historians. ArcGIS is prohibitively expensive and onlyruns on Windows (though software can be purchased to allow it to run onMac). However, many universities have site licenses, meaning studentsand employees have access to free copies of the software (try contactingyour map librarian, computer services, or the geography department).QGIS is ideal for those without access to a free copy of Arc and it isalso a good option for learning basic GIS skills and deciding if youwant to install a copy of ArcGIS on your machine. Moreover, any work youdo in QGIS can be exported to ArcGIS at a later date if you decide toupgrade. The authors tend to use both and are happy to run QGIS on Macand Linux computers for basic tasks, but still return to ArcGIS for moreadvanced work. In many cases it is not lack of functions, but stabilityissues that bring us back to ArcGIS. For those who are learning Pythonwith the Programming Historian, you will be glad to know that both QGISand ArcGIS use Python as their main scripting language.
Installing QGIS
Navigate to the QGIS Download page. The procedure is a littledifferent depending on your operating system. Click on the appropriateOperating System. Follow the instructions below.
Mac Instructions
- For most people it will be best to choose Master release (the onethat has a single installer package). You will still need to installother software packages before installing QGIS. Under “Download for Mac OS X”, click onthe link (KyngChaos Qgis download page) and download thefile (see screen shot below): 1) QGIS 2.18.13-1 (underDownload) for your respective Mac OS (this works with versions from Lion onwards). Then go to the left “software menu” and click on “Download Archive”. Under “GDAL Complete” download the file 2) GDAL complete 1.11framework package (under Requirements). Install the framework package like any other Mac programs.
- once the frameworks are installed, download and install QGIS.
- as with any other Mac application you are using for the first time,you will have to go find the QGIS application in Applications
Windows Instructions
- under Standalone Installer, click on the link to Download QGIS
- double-click on the
.exe
file to execute
QGIS is very simple to install in most versions of Linux. Follow theinstructions on the download page.
Prince Edward Island Data
We will be using some government data from the Canadian province ofPrince Edward Island. PEI is a great example because there is a lot ofdata for free online and because it is Canada’s smallest province,making the downloads quick! Download PEI shapefiles:
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- Navigate to the links below in your web browser, read/accept thelicense agreement, and then download the following (they will askfor your name and email with each download). We created the finaltwo shapefiles, so they should download directly:
- After downloading all seven files, move them into a folder and unzipthe zipped files. Take a look at the contents of the folders. Youwill notice four files with the same name, but different file types.When you navigate to these folders from GIS software, you will findthat you only need to click on the .shp and that the other threeformats support this file in the background. It is important whenmoving files on your computer to always move and keep all four filestogether. This is one reason Shapefiles are normally shared usingzip compression. Remember the folder in which you save uncompressedshapefile folders, as you will need to find them from within QGIS ina few minutes.
Starting Your GIS Project
Open QGIS. The first thing we need to do is set up the CoordinateReference System (CRS) correctly. The CRS is the map projection andprojections are the various ways to represent real world places ontwo-dimensional maps. The default is WGS84 (it is increasingly common touse WGS 84 which is compatible with Google Earth type software), butsince most of our data and examples are created by Canadian governmentswe recommend using NAD 83 (North American Datum, 1983). For more on NAD83 and the Federal Government’s datum, see NRCan’s website. PEI hasits own NAD 83 coordinate reference system which uses a DoubleStereographic projection. Managing the CRS of different layers ofinformation and making sure they are working correctly is one of themost complicated aspects of GIS for beginners. Nonetheless, if thesoftware is setup correctly, it should convert the CRS and allow you towork with data imported from different sources. Select ProjectProperties
- Mac: Project–>Project Properties
- Windows: Settings-> Project Properties
- In the left window pane select CRS (second from the top)
- click Enable ‘on the fly’ CRS transformation button on top left
- in the Filter box enter ‘2291′ – this quickly navigates to the bestCoordinate reference system for Prince Edward Island.
- under the box titled Coordinate reference systems of the world,select ‘NAD83(CSRS98) / Prince Edward Isl. (Stereographic)’ and hitOK
- notice the projection has changed in the bottom right corner of theQGIS window. Next to that you will see the geographic location ofyour mouse pointer in metres
- under Project menu, select Save Project (you should save yourproject after each step)
You are now set up to work on the tutorial project, but might have a fewquestions about what CRS to use for your own project. WGS83 might workin the short term, particularly if you are working on a fairly largescale, but it will be difficult to accurately work on local maps. Onehint is to learn what CRS or Projections is used for paper maps of theregion. If you are scanning a good quality paper map to use as the baselayer it might be a good idea to use the same projection. You can alsotry searching the internet for the more common CRS for a particularregion. For those of you working on North American projects identifyingthe correct NAD83 for your region will often be the best CRS. Here are afew links to other resources that will help you choose a CRS for yourown project: Tutorial: Working with Projections in QGIS
Building a Base Map
Now that your computer is driving with the right directions, it’s timeto add some information that makes sense to humans. Your project shouldstart with a base map, or a selection of geospatial information thatlets your readers recognize real world features on the map. For mostusers this will be comprised of several ‘layers’ of vector and rasterdata, which can be rearranged, coloured, and labeled in such a way thatthey make sense to your readers and your project’s objectives. Arelatively new feature on many GIS programs is the availability ofpre-fab base maps, but since this technology is under development foropen source platforms like QGIS we will walk through the process ofcreating our own base map by adding vector and raster layers in thismodule. For those who would like to add pre-fab base maps to QGIS, youcan try installing the ‘OpenLayers’ Plugin under Plugins->Manage andInstall Plugins. Select “Get More” on the left. Click OpenLayers andthen click Install plugin. Click OK and then click close. Onceinstalled, you’ll find OpenLayers in the Plugins Menu. Try installingsome of the different Google and OpenStreetMaps layers. At the time ofwriting this module, the OpenLayers plugin (v. 1.1.1) installs but failsto work properly on any Mac using OSX. It appears to work moreconsistently on QGIS running on Windows 7. Give it a try, as we expectit will only get better in the months ahead. Note, however, that theprojection for some of these global maps do not correct on the fly, sothe satellite images might not alway sync up with data projected in adifferent CRS.
Opening Vectors
Vectors defined: GIS uses points, lines, and polygons, also known asvector data. Its first order of work is to arrange these points,lines, and polygons and project them accurately on maps. Points may betowns or telephone poles; lines could represent rivers, roads, orrailroads; and polygons could encompass a farmer’s lot or largerpolitical boundaries. However, it is also possible to attach historicaldata to these geographical places and study how people interacted withand changed their physical environments. The population of townschanged, rivers moved their courses, lots were subdivided, and land wasplanted with various crops.
- under Layer on toolbar, choose Add Vector Layer (alternatively thesame icon you see next to ‘Add Vector Layer’ can also be selectedfrom the tool bar on the upper left side)
- click Browse, find your downloaded Prince Edward Island shapefilesin the folder
- open the coastline_polygon folder
- select coastline_polygon.shp, then select ‘OK’, and you should seethe island’s coastline on your screen. Sometimes QGIS adds acoloured background (see the image above). If you have a colouredbackground, follow the steps below. If not, skip down the page tothe ***.
- right click the layer (coastline_polygon) in the Layers menu andchoose Properties.
- In the ensuing window, click Style in the left pane
- There are a range of options, but we want to get rid of thebackground all together. Click Simple fill.
- Then choose ‘No Brush’ in the Fill style drop down menu.Click OK.
***
- Choose Add Vector Layer again.
- click Browse, find your downloaded Prince Edward Island shapefilesin the folder
- select ‘PEI_HYDRONETWORK’
- click on ‘PEI_HYDRONETWORK.shp’ and then hit ‘Open’
- right click the layer in the Layers menu and choose Properties.
- select Style tab, and choose an appropriate blue to color thehydronetwork and select ‘OK’ at the bottom right of the window
- Your map should now look like this:
- Choose Add Vector Layer again.
- click Browse, find your downloaded Prince Edward Island shapefilesin the folder
- double-click on ‘1935 inventory_region.shp’ and then hit ‘Open’
This will add a dense map showing the different forest cover in 1935.However, to see the different categories, you will need to change thesymbology to represent the different categories of forest with differentcolours. We will need to know which column of the database tablesincludes the forest category information, so the first step is to openand inspect the attribute table.
- right click on the 1935_inventory_region layer in the Layerswindow on the left and click on Open Attribute Table
An Attribute Table will open. It has a number of categories andidentifiers. Dreamweaver cs6 mac free download. Of particular interest is the LANDUSE category whichprovides information on the forest cover in 1935. We will now show youhow to display these categories on the map.
- Close the Attribute Table, and right click on the1935_inventory_region layer again and this time choose Properties(alternatively, the shortcut is to double click on the1935_inventory_region layer).
- click Style along the left
- on the menu bar that reads ‘Single Symbol’ select ‘Categorized’
- beside Column choose ‘Landuse’
- under Color ramp choose Greens
- click ‘Classify’ below and to the left
- in Symbol Column, choose the furthest down dark green square (withno value beside it) and hit the ‘Delete’ button (to the right ofClassify); also delete the Developed category, as we want tohighlight forested areas. Click ‘OK’
- in Layers sidebar menu, click on the little arrow beside1935_inventory_region to view the legend.
- You can now see the extent of the forests in 1935. Try using themagnifying glass tool to zoom in and inspect the different landuses.1265 – retrieved 22 August 2011. (PDF). (Homepage). BBC Trust – Radio Nan Gaidheal. Download bbc radio programmes mac.
- To get back to the full island, right click on any of the layers andchoose ‘Zoom to Layer Extent.’
- Next, we will add a layer of roads.
- under Layer on toolbar, choose Add Vector Layer
- click Browse, find your downloaded Prince Edward Island shapefilesin the folder
- select ‘PEI_highway.shp’
- in the Layers menu on the left, double-click ‘PEI_highway_ship’and select Style from the menu on the left (if it isn’t alreadyselected)
- click on ‘Single Symbol’ on top left and select ‘Categorized’
- beside Column choose ‘TYPE’
- click Classify
- in the Symbol column, double-click beside ‘primary’ – in the ensuingwindow, there is a box with different symbols. Scroll down and find‘primary road’.
- You are back in the Style window. Repeat for the item that called‘primary_link’ in the Label column.
- click Symbol beside secondary and change color to black and width to0.7
- repeat for secondary link
- click OK. You will now have the highways and other major roadsrepresented on the map
- under Layer on toolbar, choose Add Vector Layer
- click Browse, find your downloaded Prince Edward Island shapefilesin the folder
- select ‘PEI_placenames_shp’
- double click on ‘PEI_placenames’ and select ‘Open’
- in the Layers window, double-click on the PEI_placenames layer.Choose Labels tab along the left (under Style). At the top, selectthe box beside ‘Label this layer with’ and in the dropdown boxbeside that select ‘Placename’
- Change Font size to ‘18′
- Click ‘OK’ and examine the results on the map
- Labelling is where QGIS falls well short of real cartography – itwill take tinkering to adjust settings to display the detail desiredfor a presentation. Try going back to the Labels tab and changingthe different settings to see how symbols and displays change.
Note that in the Layers menu you can add and remove the various layerswe’ve added to the map much the same way you did in Google Earth. Clickon the check boxes to remove and add the various layers. Drag and droplayers to change the the order they appear. Dragging a layer to the topwill place it above the rest of the layers and make it the mostprominent. For example, if you drag ‘coastline_polygon’ to the top, youhave a simplified outline of the province along with place names.
- Along the toolbar on the top left of the main window are icons thatallow you to explore the map. The hand symbol, for example, allowsyou to click on the map and move it around, while the magnifyingglass symbols with plus and minus on them allow you to zoom in andout. Play with these and familiarize yourself with the variousfunctions
- having created a map using vector layers, we will now add or use ourfirst raster layer. This is a good time to save your work.
Opening Rasters: Raster data are digital images made up of grids.All remote sensing data such as satellite images or aerial photosare rasters, but usually you can’t see the grids in these images becausethey are made up of tiny pixels. Each pixel has its own value and whenthose values are symbolized in colour or greyscale they make up an imagethat is useful for display or topographical analysis. A scannedhistorical map is also brought into GIS in raster format.
- download: PEI_CumminsMap1927.tif to your project folder.
- under Layer on toolbar, choose Add Raster Layer (alternatively thesame icon you see next to ‘Add Raster Layer’ can also be selectedfrom the tool bar along the left side of the window)
- find the file you have downloaded titled ‘PEI_CumminsMap1927.tif’
- you will be prompted to define this layer’s coordinate system. Inthe Filter box search for ‘2291′, then in the box below select‘NAD83(CSRS98) / Prince Edward Isl. (Stereographic)…’
- If the program does not prompt you for the CRS you need to change ityourself. Double click the PEI_CummingMap1927_compLZW layer andchoose ‘General’ from the menu on the left. Click ‘Specify…’beside the box showing the incorrect Coordinate reference system.Then follow the instructions above (choose 2291).
- In the Layers window, the map should appear below the vector data.Move it to the bottom of the menu if necessary:
- Now we would like to make the coastline more visible, sodouble-click on ‘coastline_polygon’ and select ‘Style’ on the left.In the box under Symbol layers, select ‘Simple fill’ and optionsappear in the box to the right. Click on the menu next to ‘Border’and make it red, and then beside Border width change it to 0.5, andclick OK.
- You are now able to see the background raster map through the‘coastline_polygon’ layer. Zoom in for closer inspection, and youshould be able to see the coastline layer clearly. Notice that thealignment is relatively good, but not perfect. We will learn more inlesson 4 about the challenges of georeferencing historical maps togive them real world coordinates.
You have learned how to install QGIS and add layers. Make sure yousave your work!
This lesson is part of the Geospatial Historian.
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